Technically an anti-hero lacks the attributes of the hero, of the “knight in the shining armour” type. I believe that one particular aspect of not being a (classical) hero is the use deception, living double lives, etc.

In The Matrix, Neo lives a double life: he works a dull cubicle job by day, helps his landlady take out the garbage; by night he’s involved in illegal information trade. He is trapped into this double life and he looks for an exit: an answer and a saviour (Morpheus).

Neo is not the hero type, he chickens when Morpheus asks him to climb to the building’s roof to escape custody. Later he undergoes extensive training, to “free his mind,” to become functional.

In Neuromancer, Case was a hacker, but he was damaged, denied cyberspace and trapped into his body. That’s why his suicidal life in the Night City is like not his own, he works “meat” jobs; I could say that he’s trapped into a permanent dull day job. He is offered an exit and a fix for his neural damage to become functional.

“For Case, who had lived in the bodiless exultation of cyberspace, it was the Fall. … The body was meat. Case fell into a prison of his own flesh.”

In both cases they are offered freedom, an escape from a prison. It is interesting to observe that while for Neo the prison is the Matrix, and for Case the prison is his own body; what is actually imprisoned is their minds.

MORPHEUS “The Matrix … is the world that has been pulled over your eyes to blind you from the truth.”
NEO “What truth?”
MORPHEUS “That you are … kept inside a prison that you cannot smell, taste, or touch. A prison for your mind.”

Both are in this aspect freedom fighters, rebels by definition, portrayed as such by the systems they fight, that those systems underline their negative side, changing the audience’s perception on themselves.

I think that a characteristic of most anti-heros is their apparent shift from anti-hero to hero; I believe that this is actually the shift of the audience, which switches sides. Moreover, I believe that this switching makes big part of the enjoyment of reading or watching cyberpunk.

It is commonly known that heroes differ from ordinary people, because of their righteous sense of moral to stand up against evil, to use their special abilities to help those in need and their development from “zero” to “hero”. But what is with the protagonists in Cyberpunk stories? How does he or she become a hero or more precisely an anti-hero? Being often an anti-hero doesn’t categorize him or her as good or evil or black and white. The borders are grayish and leave room to speculate out of “what” the typical cyberpunk is made of. In order to establish a conclusion I will compare and contrast the personalities and character developments of  “Neuromancer”’s Case and “The Matrix”‘ Neo. I will proceed with extracting their similarities in these aspects and show if there is an archetype cyberpunk who repeatedly appears in most movies and novels.

Henry Dorsett Case was once a renown hacker in the underground world of Chiba City who provided his employers with stolen information and data of corporations. After trying to steal from his last employer and getting caught was he punished for his theft by poisoning his nervous- system with a mycotoxin which prevents him to use his “brain- computer interface” and diving into the global computer network of cyberspace. Unsuccessful in finding a cure, Case has to give up his former profession and vegetates on the fringe of the living, highly addicted to drugs, unemployed and suicidal.  He is saved by the offer of an ex- military soldier named Armitage and his mercenary fighter Molly Millions who offers him a cure in exchange for his services as “console cowboy”. Case accepts this deal and undergoes the surgery to his rehabilitation. He soon learns that sacs of the same poison which crippled him in the first place have been positioned in his blood vessels to poison him slowly anew. Case doesn’t have a choice than to work with Armitage who promised to let the sacs be removed as soon as Case is done with his work. His nihilistic attitude at the beginning  accounts for the self-destructive nature of punks as we know them. His disrespect for authorities confirms his actions towards the corporations or his last employer. He does not undergo a great personality change as we see it with other classical heroes. Throughout the book Case is self- centered, because he only tries to help himself. Mostly all of his actions are driven by the one desire to free himself from dependency. At first he is dependent on Armitage and then he is dependent on Wintermute. The AI who used Armitage to get the aids to merge with his other AI half Neuromancer.

Thomas A. Anderson his a computer specialist who leads a double life as a computer programmer in a respectable firm and as a hacker under the name of Neo who steals kinds of important data and sells them. At one evening he wakes up at his computer and finds a mysterious message which tells him to follow the “white rabbit” to get answers to his questions. His path leads him to Trinity his first contact to Morpheus crew, to his first encounter with the “bad guy” Agent Smith and at last to Morpheus. Morpheus gives Neo, as he is now referred to, the choice to choose the red pill (finding out what the Matrix is) and the blue pill (forgetting the incident and continue his usual life). Neo chooses the red pill thus leaves the Matrix and undergoes a kind of “rebirth” of his true body. Shortly after, he gets saved by Morpheus’ crew and gets medicated to rehabilitate  his neglected body. Neo recovers and begins his training with his new mentor. Morpheus explains Neo that the reason why he felt that the world was “wrong” comes from the fact that the reality he lived in is not real. Machines won against humans in the last great war and subdued them to slavery in order to use them as energy source. Neo denies this truth at first, but then realizes that de does not have the choice to turn his back from it. His training resumes and Morpheus tells him about the prophecy of the “Chosen One” by the oracle. He believes that Neo is will become this destined man and free all humans out of their slavery. Although Neo has doubts his course of actions lead him to the path of becoming the “One” and rescuing Morpheus from the treachery of his crew member Cypher. Neo is driven by his unanswered questions and the discovery of truth. The beginning of the movie shows that Neo’s life itself was a lie. He was a lonesome man who lived two lives to a shallow extent and always looked for a reason why he felt the world was “off”. The discovery of the ultimate truth of the Matrix changes Neo in many ways. He opens up to people, finds strength and courage where there was not any and cares for the well being of others.

To cyberpunks information seems to be especially essential for their personal motivations and the development of their character in the storyline. Both Case and Neo deal with data and information in their “underground” businesses. As hackers they share the attitude not to follow the rules society gives them and feel confident that no one can trace them and harm them. But as soon as the first mistake happens do both have to deal with the consequences. Case gets caught stealing from his employer and Neo gets caught by the Agents. Sooner or later they come to the one point where they are not in the position to make an important choice which concern their lives. These new information force Case  to work for Armitage and disobey him and Neo to forget his ordinary life, because of taking the life-altering red pill. Of course do Case and Neo differ from each other greatly when looking at their personal traits and further motivation. On the one hand does Case not become an altruistic character like Neo at the end and only tries to solve his own problems. Neo on the one hand is interested in the Matrix for his own benefit, but changes as he sympathizes with Trinity and Morpheus, excepts his fate as the “One” and helps to rescue mankind from the reign of machines for the benefit of others.

I find it difficult to say if there is an archetype classical cyberpunk which applies to the characters like Neo and Case. There are specific character traits which makes a character fit into a Cyberpunk story, but not ultimately an hundred pro cent cyberpunk. It would be foolish to say that there is something like a pure cyberpunk character, because the example of Case and Neo shows that two characters of Cyberpunk don’t have to be very similar in order to be cyberpunks. The one is just a little more “punk” and the other is a little more “cyber”.

The genre of Cyberpunk got the second part of its name for a good reason. The protagonists of Cyberpunk stories are worthy of the title. These characters have little respect for the rules and don’t always have very heroic motivations. Like anti-heroes from other stories they my not be out to save the world or serve the good of the people. Often they are just out for them selves. Just as frequently they are being manipulated and don’t really have a choice in their actions. These characters have a very good understanding of the system that they live in. They know what corners they can cut and what corners they can’t. Although they can manipulate the system to extent, they rarely believe they can take it down. They feel that they trapped just like everyone else, even if they have a bit more maneuvering room than the “sheep.” If the main character does eventually take down the system they rarely think they can at the beginning of the story. In this story I will analyze the classic Cyberpunk characters Neo (from the Matrix) and Case (from the Sprawl Trilogy).

At the beginning of the Matrix Neo is a jaded computer hacker with an “It’s only illegal if you get caught” mentality. We can see this in his encounter with Troy, his main concern is not breaking the law but in making sure that if Troy get caught it doesn’t trace back to him. Neo definitely feels trapped by the system, even before he finds out what the Matrix is, as evidenced by the scene with Neo’s boss at the cubical office. Even after he is extracted by the Matrix he feels trapped, not truly believing he is the One until the end of the film. Even though out the rest of the trilogy he feels helpless, not really understanding what he is supposed to be doing. Furthermore, he doesn’t really have a choice in his actions. This is expressed by his conversation with the Oracle in which he says he doesn’t like the idea of fate because he doesn’t like the idea of not being in control of his life. Yet he is fated to be the One.

Case is not exactly what you would call a wholesome individual. In fact his character is similar to that of a minor villein in other stories. He is a drug addict and dealer in illegal substances and goods. He admits to addicting a young woman to drugs and killing two people in his dealing in the black market. In the beginning he just wants to find someway to access cyberspace again. Later he just wants to prevent the toxin sacks in his veins from dissolving. His motivations are almost completely self serving. It is pretty obvious from the beginning of the story that Case doesn’t really like himself.

In my humble opinion, the character portraits that Cyberpunk paints are absolutely engrossing. They aren’t some white knight that rides to the rescue of some damsel in distress. They are gritty character with lots of street sense and questionable motivations. Perhaps the reason people like these characters is some desire to experience the life of someone in the underworld. Perhaps we identify with the feeling of helplessness that many of these characters feel. Whatever the reason, its characters are one of Cyberpunks strongest attractions.

Week Two, Assignment Two – P2PU – Neuromancer, Case & The Matrix Brian Williams brian.williams@gmail.com

“It was a vast thing, beyond knowing, a sea of information coded in spiral and pheromone, infinite intricacy that only the body, in its strong blind way, could ever read.” (Gibson, at 239)

Imagine a book that presages (or at least “influences” or “imagines”) something as stupendous as the World Wide Web, and virtual reality,1 and your name isn’t Tim Berners-Lee! That’s what William Gibson does in Neuromancer. And, as if that weren’t enough, Gibson’s novel gives us the Sprawl, a slice of familiar world where every last space between Metropolitan Statistical Areas is filled up, built out, in a single continuous city/plague that obviously mirrors our species’ relentless growth and destruction of nature. Beyond the spectacle of Neuromancer’s prophetic core, we have the characters and the story and the story’s influenced by the original story, ad infinitum. This is an important book! In our digital present, imagining Gibson typing without benefit of computer or word processor is quite fantastic!2

One of the stories inspired by Neuromancer is a story told by film: The Matrix. We observe the protagonist Neo’s metamorphosis from a troubled, perhaps brilliant computer software engineer and hacker, a “person” entirely encapsulated within the Matrix’ simulacrum, a false world that is so real as to be The World, into a fully aware soldier in the insurgency against the Machines.

Neo chooses knowledge: that choice makes all the difference3 – a single red pill and down the rabbit hole and out through a birth sequence that is a film hybrid of Elephant Man, Steamboy, and Eraserhead. As a knowing being, tearing at the fabric of the late 20th Century virtual reality that enables the enslavement of his own species for Machine dominance, Neo is confronted with a traditional riddle. Is he or is he not The One prophesized by the Oracle, to save the human species from this relentless and total enslavement?

The answer is hardly in doubt because it’s a movie starring Keanu Reeves, of course, but the story line does suggest a traditionally heroic (rather than anti-heroic) naval gazing arc whereby Neo cannot know whether he is or is not The One. He can only move forward and presumably keep faith with his cohort against the machines. Ultimately he will save Morpheus, rise from the dead and destroy the Machine agents … To be continued ()

Is there an anti-hero in the Matrix film? I know the insurgent who turns on his team is repulsive, but he’s hardly anti-heroic. Trinity is a feminist hero — The Oracle and Morpheus and Neo all trend toward the traditional hero myth… The Machine agents are simply pure, unadulterated evil.

In contrast to Neo’s heroic trajectory, Case is the sin quo non of anti-heroes. He spends much of his life screwing people over. Among Case’s favorite pastimes: risking his life in a suicidal rush to rip off employers and customers alike in Chiba City, Japan, killing them, drinking with them, drugging constantly, bedding lovers in “coffins”… [It’s a Wonderful Life!] … Yet he has the strength, intelligence and exceptional skills to rise above base criminality. He is the quintessential beautiful loser, a hunger artist (“meat”) chained to a sequence of events, determinism collapsed into the infinite, invisible fold of the inner-space of cyberspace.

The protagonist’s alienation is complete as he wanders into and out from the haze of an infinite cyberspace, “fueled by self-loathing.” Yet there is the confounding complexity of Case that makes him constantly beautiful. As Gibson observes,

“For me, … the key to Case’s personality is the estrangement from his body, the meat, which it seems to me he does overcome… There’s a long paragraph there where he accepts the meet as being this infinite and complex thing. In some ways, he’s more human after that.” (Rucker, Rudy, et al. Mondo 2000: The User’s Guide to the New Edge. New York: Harber Collins, 1992, at 170). And that passage, at 239, gives Case the largest measure of his vulnerable humanness, critical to the heroic representation: “It was a vast thing, beyond knowing, a sea of information coded in spiral and pheromone, infinite intricacy that only the body, in its strong blind way, could ever read.”

Transcendence for some one or some thing may be achieved but it comes if at all only through an alliance with the AI Wintermute and Neuromancer. For the antihero Case, a “sentimental futurism” pervades, representative of Gibson’s perceived ambivalence toward machine and human relationships (Csicsery-Ronay, Jr. at 231). The antihero Case affirms violence, loses love, and inevitably Molly: “I don’t need you,’ he said.”

And finally there is the existential tuning when Case meets the Wintermute / Neuromancer AI presence, FINN, drinking all the while (of course), expressing his essential human desolation …”

CASE: “So what are you.” He drank from the flask, feeling nothing. FINN: “I’m the matrix, Case.”  Case laughed. “Where’s that get you?”  FINN: Nowhere. Everywhere. I’m the sum total of the works, the whole show.”  CASE: “So what’s the score? How are things different? You running the world now? You God?”  FINN: “Things aren’t different. Things are things.”

And, “He never sees Molly again.”

There is no happy ending. Simply an oblique reference to Case’s endless seeking, movement (the life force), speed (cyberspace), and a hallucination (drugs), the feeling of voyeurism as we watch humans spiraling away from those things we most associate with humanness.  Case’s tragedy unfolding as he watches tragedy become “real” — the artful, lovely writing painting the heroic courage requisite to live and to truly see:

“He’d watched her personality fragment, calving like an iceberg, splinters drifting away, and finally he’d seen the raw need, the hungry armature of addiction.” (Gibson, at 8).

_________________________________________

1Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan, Jr. “The Sentimental Futurist: Cybernetics and Art in William Gibson’s Neuromancer.  Critique (Spring 1992) at 221.

2Gibson, William. “The Neurotyper: William Gibson Blog.” Post Friday, Oct. 16, 2006. “ available at http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/blog/2006_10_01_archive.asp

3“I took the one less traveled by.” Frost, Robert. “The Road Not Taken.” Mountain Interval. 1920. Available at http://www.bartleby.com/119/1.html.

Before examining both Neo and Case in more detail, I want to first begin begin by suggesting that the key protagonists in most cyberpunk stories are anti-heroes and that this, in of itself, may be the most significant and commonly recurring attribute or characteristic of an archetype — if one exists. When we consider that cyberpunk, as a sub-genre, deals with post-modernism, then we have to acknowledge and recognise that with post-modernism comes an inherent distrust of the sorts of ‘absolute truths’ which classical heroes embody, and which are at the heart of the hero-myth cycle, so instead of a flawless idealised hero, we now have the anti-hero. Robin Van Cleave discusses this in her essay entitled Anti Heroes:

“With his normal-person character flaws and failures at everyday living, the anti-hero is someone with whom readers of the 21st century can identify. Where heroes appeal to the inner child’s dreams for the future, the anti-hero appeals to the inner pessimist’s reality. The anti-hero often possesses flaws in his or her character with which readers can identify. We are expected to understand, or at least sympathize with the anti-heroes negative qualities because of his or her redeeming heroic qualities or intentions. Because of this realise nature of the typical anti hero, it has become an increasingly popular character in modern literature, and especially the relatively new genre of cyberpunk.”

With this in mind I’d like to examine Neo, from the Matrix, and Case from William Gibson’s Neuromancer. When we are first introduced to Neo he is living a duel life, by day he’s a computer programmer for a large company, and by night he is a hacker who steals information, which he sells. In fact when he is captured we are told that he is “guilty of virtually every computer crime we have a law for“. He is also very quiet, and when challenged by his employer to make a choice he appears to be contrite and non-confrontational. Neo lives alone, and we get the sense that there is an emptiness in his life as he searches for something, or as Trinity puts it:

“TRINITY: I know why you’re here, Neo. I know what you’ve been doing … why you hardly sleep, why you live alone, and why night after night, you sit by your computer. You’re looking for him. I know because I was once looking for the same thing. And when he found me , he told me I wasn’t really looking for him. I was looking for an answer. It’s the question, Neo. It’s the question that drives us. It’s the question that brought you here. You know the question, just as I did.

NEO: What is the Matrix?”

He has heard of the ‘Matrix’, but does not know what it is, but he does believe, as Morpheus later vocalizes, that “there is something wrong with the world“, and its that that drives him to seek out answers. We start to see a different, more confrontational, side of Neo when he is arrested by Agents, who ask him to help them apprehend Morpheus to which Neo responds:

“Yeah. Well that sounds like a pretty good deal. But I think I may have a better one. How about, I give you the finger [He does] and you give me my phone call.”

This disrespect for authority is a quintessentially punk. As one anonymous commentator noted, and I find myself agreeing with:

“Cyberpunks … have taken the punk ethic of disrespect for authority (and often for self, even to the point of nihilism)
and applied it to the real world. Cyberpunks are those who think that the street has its own uses for technology … they think that corporations are often a bigger threat than government … sometimes to the point of breaking laws … The only freedom these people are interested in is the freedom to be left alone, both physically and, in the data world, to be left out of the ubiquitous info files being accumulated on us all. This combination often leads to a “fuck you, jack” attitude.”
– Quote taken from a debate from e-zine Computer Underground Digest, 1991

Case, from Gibson’s Neuromancer, shares some of the same qualities but is a very different, darker character. When we first meet him, Case is a burned out, drug addicted, self-destructive, former ‘data cowboy‘. He used to ‘jack’ into cyberspace and steal information from high security corporate databases, but prior to the events in the novel, his ability to jack into the matrix was taken from him as punishment when he was caught stealing from his employers – who using a mycotoxin damaged his nervous system making it impossible for him to connect to the matrix. Case operates at the fringes of his society, he is ammoral, murderous, cynical, desperate to find a cure and on the brink of suicide –to escape the prison he now finds himself in:

“For Case, who had lived in the bodiless exultation of cyberspace, it was the Fall … The body was meat. Case fell into a prison of his own flesh”

Like Neo, Case, is also offered a choice, albeit a Faustian one, when Armitage offers to repair Case’ neural damage and in exchange Case has to work for him. The desperate Case accepts, and in so doing joins Armitage without really understanding what he’s signing up to – or really caring. However once cured he is told that he has to complete the tasks that Armitage gives him, or small sacs of poison, which have been left in his bloodstream, will burst and cripple him again ( as an aside, I cant help but think of how much this reminds me of Cyber City Oedo 808, in which cyber criminals are coerced into becoming police officers through the use of explosive collars – complete your mission or die),  thus Case is recruited against his will to help an Artifical Intelligence, Wintermute, free itself from containment.

The progression of the two characters in their respective story-lines is also different. Although an anti-hero, Neo’s progression is more traditionally aligned with the hero-myth cycle, he goes on a quest, receives aid from an outside source, struggles with obstacles, appears to fail at some point, fulfills the quest, and returns a changed man. Case’ progression doesn’t feel quite so formulaic ( or perhaps I’m not looking hard enough ? ), once he’s entered into his faustian arrangement with Armitage, its the very nature of that relationship, and I think the notion of control, which forces Case to find out more about Armitage and what it is they are actually working towards, Case is of course trying to figure out the conspiracy before it determines him to be expendable. When he does figure it out, the journey he takes in understanding Wintermute’s motivation, and desperation to be free, Case realises that it’s not really any different to him or any human, it wants freedom, life, the ability to explore and discover, and through this Case develops a better understanding of what it means to be human – How different are Case and Wintermute, really?

In their own way both Neo and Case are fighting for their own freedom. Neo is fighting against an artificial construct that is used to control and enslave himself and the rest of the human race. Case is battling against the situation he finds himself in, as someone elses pawn. But both characters want to be in control of their own lives. I think this too must be a key characteristic of any archetype.

In examining these two characters it appears that there are similarities, they are both loners, both looking for answers, both desire to be in control of their own lives, both operate outside the the legal boundaries of their societies: they are both considered criminals. One final thing, neither one of them strikes me as being someone who is happy to live a mediated existence, simply consider how significant a part the media plays in our lives. Neo eschewed a mediated life in search of Morpheus, and Case, would probably say its full of shit. Our anti-heroes are independent thinkers, they want to see with their own eyes, not through someone elses, or through some sanitised government or corporate veil: but then this has always been key feature of any hacker culture.

I’m not sure if I’ve succeeded in  defining anything that resembles a classical cyberpunk archetype, or come close at all. But I do think that investigating this piece, has helped me gain a better understanding of why I find these characters so compelling.

Additional Resources

As with last assignment I have tagged a number of resources on Delicious account as “cyberpunk” and “week2″, which I used to research this piece. Hopefully others will find them useful too. You can view them here.

Picture of Neuromancer Cover by Myles! CC-BY NC-SA: http://www.flickr.com/photos/35034347347@N01/3347216115/

Picture of Matrix- Is This The Real Life  by Kaptain Kobold CC-BY NC-SA: http://www.flickr.com/photos/kaptainkobold/2682250700/